ObsidianVault/High School/Bio/Vocab 12-15.md

#hs/bio

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Number	Word	OWN definition (not copied)
Set 3.1
73	Cellular Respiration	The process in eukaryotic cells where glucose is used to produce ATP.
74	Aerobic vs anaerobic	aerobic means requiring oxygen, anaerobic means not requiring oxygen.
75	Oxidation	oxidation is the loss of electrons in a chemical process.
76	Reduction	reduction is the gain of electrons in a chemical process.
77	ATP	A molecule in cells that is used to carry small amounts of energy for short-term use.
78	NADH/FADH2	Electron carriers used in the process of cellular respiration
79	Glycolysis	The process in which glucose is broken down into two pyruvate molecules regenerating 2 ATP and 2 NADH
80	Pyruvate oxidation	The process in which pyruvate is turned into acetyl CoA and 2 NADH is regenerated.
81	Citric Acid Cycle (Kreb’s)	A cycle that takes in acetyl CoA, NAD and FAD and is used to regenerate NADH and FADH2 for use in the electron transport chain. CO2 is produced
82	Oxidative phosphorylation	The process where phosphate atoms are pulled from the cytosol and added to something else (often ADP)
83	Electron Transport chain	Electrons are taken from NADH and FADH2 and used to create a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane
84	Chemiosmosis	the process where a proton gradient is used to regenerate ATP from ADP
85	ATP synthase	An enzyme that uses the proton gradient to add a phosphate atom to ADP to create ATP
86	Electrochemical gradient	A gradient formed by a difference in concentration of a solute, usually across a membrane.
87	Acid (pH scale and H+ concentration)	low numbers on the pH scale, high concentration of H+ ions
88	Base (pH scale and H+ concentration)	high numbers on the pH scale, low concentration of H+ ions
Set 3.2
89	Photosynthesis	The process that plants use to take in energy from light and produce glucose for use in cellular respiration and elsewhere
90	Photon	A particle carrying light energy
91	Stroma	Name for the cytosol inside of a chloroplast.
92	Thylakoid	Small disks in the chloroplast where the light reaction of photosynthesis occurs.
93	Thylakoid space	The space inside of thylakoids (lumen)
94	Chlorophyll	parts in the thylakoid membrane that are able to take in light energy and use it in photosynthesis.
95	Stomata	Openings in the bottom of leaves to facilitate the exchange of gasses.
96	Light reaction	The half of photosynthesis that requires light and uses it to regenerate ATP and NADPH from ADP and NADP+
97	Photosystem 2	The first photosystem in the electron transport chain, uses light energy to pass an electron along, steals an electron from a water molecule to fill the hole.
98	Photosystem 1	The second photosystem in the electron transport chain, passes electrons along to NADP+ to create NADPH
99	NADPH	A electron carrier used in photosynthesis similar to NADH
100	ATP	A molecule in cells that is used to carry small amounts of energy for short-term use.
101	Calvin Cycle	Also known as the dark reaction, the part of photosynthesis that takes carbon dioxide, ATP and NADPH and uses it to create G3P which leads to the production of glucose for use by the plant.
102	RuBP	A 5 carbon molecule that is part of the Calvin cycle and is the result of the regeneration phase of the process.
103	Rubisco	An enzyme that is able to take CO2 from the air for use in the Calvin cycle.
104	G3P/PGAL	A 3-carbon sugar that is the result of the Calvin cycle and can be used to create glucose.
105	Photorespiration	When there is no enough CO2 for rubisco to grab it can instead take O2 from the air and cause the Calvin cycle to reverse and the plant to lose progress.
106	CAM Plants/C4 plants (choose one)	CAM plants separate carbon fixation by time and C4 plants separate it by location in order to avoid photorespiration.